Learning from TNB’S Experience towards Greener Malaysia

1. MALAYSIAN TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME (MTCP)

Malaysia through the Malaysia Technical Co-operation Program (MTCP) shares its development experiences and expertise with other developing countries. The MTCP was first formulated based on the belief that the development of a country depends on the quality of its human resources. The program forms part of the commitment of the Malaysian Government towards the promotion of technical cooperation among developing countries, strengthening of regional and sub-regional cooperation, as well as nurturing collective self-reliance among developing countries.

I was nominated by the Papua New Guinea Science and Technology Secretariat and endorsed by the Department of Foreign Affairs to attend the MTCP training ‘Renewable & Green Energy as Alternatives: TNB’s Experience towards Greener Malaysia’ in Kuala Lumpur from the 08^th- 17^th June, 2015. 

 

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING

The objectives of the training are as follows;

§  Capacity Acquisition: Acquire the skills, insight and knowledge to facilitate and develop policies that are needed in the energy sector in Papua New Guinea
 

§  Improve Competency: Competently review and monitor research and development (R&D) programs in green energy technology to deliver their potential
 

§  Renewable Energy Experiences from Malaysia: experience and insight from Malaysia that we can learn from.
 

§  Research & Development Programs: Gain technical information about R&D programs in Renewable Energy in Malaysia
 

§  Post Graduate Training: Gain information on Post Graduate programs offered in Renewable Energy
 

§  Collaboration and Partnership: Work in collaboration with Malaysia to enhance and develop Renewable Energy Technologies.
 

3. GREEN ENERGY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Eighty (80) percent of Papua New Guineans in the rural areas still rely on traditional biomass, such as firewood, for cooking and heating, with diesel generators providing a popular alternative. But the high price of fuel means that generators are used sparingly, often for no more than a few hours each day.

Green Energy or renewable energy will be critical to sustainable development, clean energy, health, and wealth creation in Papua New Guinea, and the wider Pacific Islands, as we confront high fossil fuel costs and the impacts of climate change. The denial of choices to improve human development through energy is known to negatively impact infant mortality, life expectancy and income generation, among many others.

Papua New Guinea has an enormous potential for renewable energy to transform remote rural lives with clean and sustainable electricity with many fast-flowing rivers, eight hours of sunlight daily and two-thirds of PNG forested and richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure.

The Government has initiated Rural Electrification Programs and supplied solar panels to some rural areas, but there is still technical, financial and logistical challenges.

My report identifies research and development lessons that the government and all stakeholders can adopt to expand the sustainable development of green or renewable energy and paves the way for future policies and legislations on renewable energy to be written.

4. NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ROLL-OUT PLAN

The Energy Division (ED) of the Department of Petroleum and Energy (DPE) is responsible for preparing energy policies, planning initiatives, data collection and analysis as well as advising the government on energy sector issues. 

The Department of Petroleum and Energy (DPE) is currently developing a National Electrification Rollout Plan (NEROP) and its main objective is to electrify seventy (70) percent of the households in PNG by 2030 through Green or Renewable Energy Technology

However, there is no law, policy or regulation on Renewable Energy in Papua New Guinea.       

5. LEARNING POINTS FROM MALAYSIAN EXPERIENCES

As a commitment towards the growth of renewable energy in Malaysia, the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water presented before the Parliament the Renewable Energy (RE) Bill in December 2010. Once the Bill was passed in Parliament, the new Act enabled the implementation of the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) in Malaysia, starting from the middle of 2011. Through this Renewable Energy Act, the total renewable energy capacity in the country was expected to increase significantly from 61.2 MW to at least 985 MW by 2015, and 2,080 MW by 2020.

The Renewable Energy Act, will catalyst Malaysia’s aspiration to become a leader in green technology, and meet their target of 40% carbon emissions intensity reduction by 2020. Renewable Energy is also a key component in the Economic Transformation Program (ETP), in realizing its vision for Malaysia to become a high income nation.

5.1 Renewable Energy Act 2011, Policy and Action Plan

The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water is responsible for formulating policies and strategies, as well as undertaking planning for the supply of electricity in the country. The development of the electricity supply industry is guided by the National Energy Policy (1979), the Four Fuel Diversification Policy (1981), and the Fifth Fuel Policy (2001). On 2nd April 2010, the Cabinet approved the National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan that is the cornerstone for a more aggressive deployment of RE in Malaysia.

5.2 The Concept of Feed-in Tariff (FiT)

The Feed-in tariff (FiT) system/mechanism obliges Distribution Licensees to buy RE from feed-in approval holders (FIAHs) and sets the rate to be paid for such RE (FiT Rate). For a specific duration, Distribution Licensees would pay for each unit of RE supplied to their respective electricity grids.




Basic concept of the FiT for PV household



By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favorable price per unit of RE, the FiT mechanism would ensure that RE becomes a viable and sound long-term investment for companies, industries, and also for individuals.

5.3 Renewable Energy Fund: Funding for Feed-in Tariff (FiT)

The FiT in Malaysia is financed by a RE Fund which is derived by passing the FiT cost to final electricity consumers. The customers who consume less than 300 kWh per month will be exempted from contributing to this RE fund. Therefore, heavy consumers of electricity would contribute more to the RE fund. This is essentially a polluter’s pay concept – the ones who pollute the most, pays the most to the RE Fund. This form of fund collection has been proven to be an effective tool in overcoming current economic and financial crises as it does not utilise public funds. The spin-off from this RE Fund mechanism is a greater acceptance for consumers to adopt energy efficiency measures to reduce their electricity consumption.

5.3.1 Renewable Energy Funding Flow for FiT

Financial Governance of the RE Fund: The management of the RE Fund will be under the supervision of SEDA Malaysia. The accounts of the RE Fund will be presented to Parliament on an annual basis, as mandated under the Renewable Energy Act.

5.4 Energy Efficiency

‘Energy Efficiency’ could be the immediate solution to higher energy demand, while renewable energy sources were being considered for long-term energy sustainability. Energy Efficiency is achieved through application of efficient technology, such as high efficiency motors, lighting, etc. It involves investment cost and requires expert in identifying the right technology. Energy efficiency is mostly applied to industries.

‘Energy Conservation’ is achieved through efficient use of energy, such as turning off lights and electrical appliances when not needed, using daylight, etc. It does not involve cost and requires behavioral change. Energy conservation is applied to all sectors.

‘Energy Audit’ is part of the overall energy management process. It is an activity to identify where, when and how much energy is being used in the business and how to reduce the cost of energy for the business. Savings can be achieved through efficient use of electricity, thus reducing its operating expenses. Energy Audit will identify which areas need to be improved and highlight the most effective approach and/or technologies for the improvement.

TNB supports Government’s National Green Technology (GT) Plan in raising Green Awareness aspects:

o   Public Awareness –National Energy Awareness Campaign

o  TNB Staff Awareness –EE practices in offices, GREENER Portal, awareness training program, green articles in magazines

5.5 Solar Hybrid Micro-Grid for Rural Electrification and Conventional Power Systems

Hybrid solar systems combines the best from grid-tied and off-grid solar systems. These systems can either be described as off-grid solar with utility backup power, or grid-tied solar with extra battery storage.

Hybrid solar systems are less expensive than off-grid solar systems. The introduction of hybrid solar systems has opened up for many interesting innovations.



Micro-Grid R&D Program at TNB Research

TNB Research Smart Grid Technology: Project Vision

Solar Hybrid system Flow Diagram. Credit: TNBES

 

5.6 Biodiesel for Power Generation (Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Program)

Biodiesel is one such renewable energy source due to availability and compatibility to substitute diesel without engine modification. Biodiesel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through chemical process known as “Transesterification” and meets fuel specification standard. It is chemically a composition of monoalkylester of fatty acids also known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).

Utilization of biodiesel in diesel engine is well established and has shown promising results in terms of performance and emission. Besides transport sector, biodiesel have been considered a promising alternative fuel for reciprocating diesel engine application in power generating sector. Additionally, biodiesel can also be considered as an alternative fuel for gas

turbine application in power generation industry. Unfortunately, properties of biodiesel such as viscosity, surface tension and density impeding the fuel for gas turbine application according to gas turbine fuel specification standard. Therefore, further improvement is needed on biodiesel properties to meet gas turbine fuel standard.





The Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten) biodiesel research project focus, converting waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel has been established since 2002. Uniten successfully developed of a small scale processor with rapid processing scheme that is capable of producing biodiesel that meets international fuel standards from multi feedstock. Rigorous testing has been conducted on stationary diesel engines and the results of the performance and emission tests were very encouraging. Research works have achieved recognitions locally and internationally.



Uniten Biodiesel Research Program Framework (2002-2020)



Advance research has successfully developed microwave assisted post treatment scheme to produce improved biodiesel or called “Second Generation Biodiesel (SGB)”. The properties of SGB such as viscosity, density and surface tension are in compliance with gas turbine fuel specification standard. Preliminary assessment on SGB atomization, combustion and emission has shown comparable performance with baseline fuel (Distillate diesel). Thus, SGB has potential to replace distillate diesel (DD) for gas turbine application as sustainable energy source in the industry. However, insufficient amount of fuel (SGB) and detail and comprehensive field trial on gas turbine is essential to gain confidence from users prior to commercialization.

Development of large scale production module is vital to produce sufficient amount of SGB and comprehensive fuel property analysis and field trial prior to commercialization. Outcome of this research definitely will benefits the nation in pursue of sustainable energy supply for power generation and reduce country dependence on fossil fuel.

5.7 Biogas from Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) - Uniten’s Experience

Renewable Energy can be harnessed from waste water resources – mainly Industrial (POME, Brewery run-off, etc.) and Domestic waste (Sewage, grey water, etc.). Harnessing biogas (CH4) from waste water treatment is a good source of renewable energy for electricity generation.

Malaysia, with a population of over 28 million generates 16,000 tons of domestic waste daily. At present, the per capita generation of solid waste in Malaysia varies from 0.45 to 1.44kg/day depending on the economic status of an area.

Research & Development and STP Plant Process Optimization can increase the biogas potential. A typical schematic of modern mechanized STP Process Flow in Malaysia is shown in the diagram below:



STP Process Flow in Malaysia and scope for research & development

 

5.8 Biogas: From Palm Oil Mill Effluent

The biogas plant is an effective and efficient way to treat POME, food and organic wastes, solid wastes and animal wastes in an environmental-friendly manner. Besides reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, biogas generated could be used to produce green energy in the form of electricity to be used internally or uploaded to the power grid, offering an alternative and sustainable energy source

 



Biogas Flow & Storage Process

5.9 Biogas: Conventional Landfill Gas

The energy source is from the biogas naturally produced by the solid waste anaerobic degradation at landfills. The main content of the landfill gas (LFG) is methane, which can be used for power generation, transport and as cooking gas. Harvesting energy from landfills is befitting as there are more than 261 landfill sites in Malaysia and 150 sites are still operating, contributing to the immense potential of LFG formation.

 

5.10 Biomass: Combustion of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

EFB are the main source of biomass that could be utilized by the power plants as this is more readily available in the market. Many plantations use a small amount for their own internal use, but a large portion is put aside, either biodegrading into compost, or at times burnt to avoid space loss by storage. Therefore, there is a substantial amount of EFB left unused.

5.11 Mini and Micro Hydro Power Plants

'Mini-hydro power plants’ refers to plants with a capacity below 10 MW. ‘Micro-hydro power plants’ refers to power systems with a power rating of 100kW or less. A 100kW system will produce 100 standard units of electricity in one hour. Micro hydro systems differ from large hydro power since the flows of water required are much smaller.

Mini and Micro Hydro Power Plants have been popular in Malaysia for a number of years enabling rural communities to enjoy the benefits of electrification in areas with hydro power potential but without a grid network.

6. RESEARCH AND SPECIALISED POST-GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia has kept pace with the demands of scientific and technological world. It offers first class post graduate programs at an affordable cost and prepares professionals to succeed in a competitive global market.

6.1 Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten)

Universiti Tenaga Nasional is a private university owned by the public-listed Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), one of the largest power utilities in Southeast Asia. Uniten’s College of Graduate Studies is Malaysia’s premier graduate college in engineering, information technology and business. Uniten’s wealth of experience, resources, facilities, PhD and masters programs are designed to prepare its graduates to become knowledgeable and competent ​​​​professionals in Green Technology.

6.2 Centre for Renewable Energy (CRE)

The Centre for Renewable Energy (CRE) was established in August 2008 as a centre for research and development in renewable energy and formally institutionalized as a Research Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Uniten on 21 March 2012.

The core of CRE's function is on research and development programs mainly in renewable energy such as bio-diesel, co-combustion, studies micro-hydro, photochemical cells, hybrid energy harvesting system, fuel additives for diesel engines, catalyst for biodiesel reactor, enzymatic reaction for bio-fuels, biogas from waste materials, bio-hydrogen for fuel cell and automotive application, and solid bio-fuel briquette from oil palm mill solid wastes.

CRE have over 30 completed projects and 9 on-going projects. CRE has made collaborations with various international organizations such as University of Leeds (UK), Cardiff University (UK), Aachen University of Applied Science (Germany), McGill University (Canada), The Energy and Resources Institute (India), University of South Wales (UK) and Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (USA). CRE is also the host for the Malaysian branch of the Energy institute (UK).

Some of the research projects carried out by CRE:

      1.      Langkawi Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Technical Feasibility Study

2.      Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel for Diesel Engine Application

3.      Solid Bio-fuel Briquette from Palm Oil Milling Solid Wastes

4.      Raw material characterization to recycle waste cooking oil into biodiesel for gas turbine application.

5.      Sustainable Alternative Solid Biofuel from biomass for Carbon Reduction in Coal-fired Power Plant

6.      Harnessing Renewable Energy Potential from STP Biogas and Treated Wastewater to Generate Electricity

7.      Green Fuel: The study on its potential in generating electrical power based on geothermal and algae parameters

8.      Life cycle assessment study on energy balance & environmental impact of recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel

9.      Development of pilot-scaled biodiesel processing plant

10.  Development of pilot commercial biodiesel processing plant

11.  Design and Development of a Microwave Assisted Post Treatment Scheme to Produce Biodiesel Fuel for Gas Turbine

12.  Study on Rate of Systhesis and Structure Composition of Lipid in Selected Microalgae

13.  Enhancement of Lipase Enzyme Activity through Three Phase Partitioning and Microwave Mediated Immobilization on Nanoparticles of Hydrophobically Modified Chitosan for Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil.

14.  Study of Bio-ethanol Injection for Performance Optimization and Control of Emissions in Diesel Engine

15.  Hybrid Dry Fermentation Anaerobic Digestion (hDFAD) Biogas Plant

16.  Fundamentals of Microwave Assisted Carbon Monoxide Production from Bamboo Charcoal Using Metal Oxides for Subsequent Production of Hydrogen for Fuel Cell

17.  Development of a New System to Produce Second Generation Biodiesel for Power Generator Application

18.  Conversion of Waste Glycerol from Biodiesel to Bioethanol by Tandem Process of Intensified Fermentation and Enzymatic Conversion

19.  Sustainable Alternative Solid Bio-Fuel from Biomass for Carbon Reduction in Coal-Fired Power Plant Project

20.  Combustion of Coal and Biomass in a Cyclone Combustor 

21.  Study on Rate of Synthesis and Structure Composition of Lipid in Selected Microalgae

7. WAY FORWARD FOR GREEN ENERGY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

The options available with green technology provides a combination solution and way forward for Papua New Guinea. It is my hope that this report has explored the renewable energy alternatives from the Malaysian and Indonesian experiences. More work has to be done to promote the utilisation of renewable energy, engage in discussions with key government agencies, and build pilot green energy projects in the districts.

7.1 White Paper on Renewable Energy

Papua New Guinea must develop policies and strategies on Renewable Energy to ensure a holistic approach towards a sustainable renewable energy and socioeconomic development in consultation with the Department of Petroleum & Energy, Department of Environment & Conservation, Office of Climate Change & Development, etc.

7.2 Green Technology Research and Development Centre

The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes. The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products.

Green technology involves;

o   Green Energy
Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency.

o   Green building
Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a building is located.

o   Green chemistry
The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

o   Green nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this field.

The goals that inform developments in this rapidly growing field include sustainability, source reduction, innovation and viability.

It is essential to establish a Green Technology R&D Centre at PNG University of Technology (Unitech) to focus on research and development programs mainly in renewable energy field such as biomass, solar energy, wind energy, hydro, enabling technologies and alternative energy. Benchmarking with Malaysia’s experience to find development gaps and seek assistance where needed.

7.3 Post Graduate Scholarship Grants

Papua New Guinea graduates can draw on the specialized research centres and institutes set up within Uniten for advanced research and post graduate studies in Renewable Energy. As a research based university, Uniten’s facilities and laboratories are fully equipped and plans on further expansion of cutting-edge research facilities. A scholarship program should constitute part of PNG Science and Technology Secretariats submission for the developmental budget to sponsor at least five (5) Papua New Guineans to do post graduate studies to Uniten (i.e. 3 at Masters level and 2 at PhD level) in Renewable Energy through research which would cost less than K15,000/annum/student.

7.4 FiT Model

In the medium to long term, PNG Power Limited will have to do feasible studies for the FiT model and implementation if applicable to Papua New Guinea grid setting.
 

7.5 Landfill Biogas

The efficacious use of sanitary landfills as a method of choice for waste disposal is well known throughout the world. Also crucial is the need to sustain our natural resources and conserve the environment are compelling factors for Papua New Guinea to take a holistic approach to solid waste management and disposal solutions to harness waste-to-energy through sanitary landfills.

This will need further discussions with NCDC and the provincial town authorities. NCDC and provincial authorities can introduce separate rubbish bins for organic waste and inorganic waste.

7.6 Energy Production from Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

A modern and efficient sewage system is vital needed by Port Moresby and other provincial towns. A collaboration with Eda Ranu and Water PNG Limited will be needed to harness biogas for generating electricity from the sewage treatment plants (STP).

Extensive research and development (R&D) must be carried out to realize the true potential of RE from Sewage Sludge waste. With adequate R&D, the industry can be energy wise, self-sustaining and produce excess energy and be profitable.

7.7 Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Biodiesel

Pacific Adventist University (PAU) must perform extensive field trial assessment with off-road diesel engine to gain confidence from industrial diesel users prior to commercialization. Further research into the economy and efficiency of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. Collaboration with Uniten’s Centre for Renewable Energy must be forged for technical assistance. The outcome of this research definitely will benefit the nation in terms of sustainable energy supply for power generation and reducing the country’s dependence on fossil fuel.

7.8 Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Biodiesel- Indonesian Experience

Indonesia has been producing biodiesel from crude palm oil (about 5,3 million KL biodiesel or 4,8 million tonn CPO) as raw material is very abundant in Indonesia. PAU can adapt this technology from Indonesia to produce biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) alongside its waste cooking oil (WCO) research and development project.

7.9 Implementation of Bioenergy Policy (Biogas) - Indonesian Experience

We should study the Bioenergy Policy (Biogas) from Indonesia and adopt some of the programs to our setting. Programs under the Indonesia Bioenergy Policy;

1.      Program on Biofuel

2.      Program on Biogas

3.      Progam on Biomass for Electricity

4.      Program on Clean Stove

5.      Program on (Bio) Hydrogen

6.      Program Energy Self-Sufficient Village

7.      Program on Iconic Island for Renewable Energy

8. TECHNICAL SITE VISITS

As part of the MTCP training ‘Renewable & Green Energy as Alternatives: TNB’s Experience towards Greener Malaysia’ we visited the following sites;

8.1 Green Energy Office (Malaysia Green Technology Corporation)

The Malaysia Green Energy Office (GEO) building is located at Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor (around 40 km south of Kuala Lumpur). The building is known for its energy efficiency and sustainability features, which serves to promote the adoption of sustainable green buildings in Malaysia. It is currently the headquarters for the Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (MGTC).

8.2 Uniten Biodiesel and Gas Turbine Technology Laboratory

UNITEN has successfully developed a lab scale processor which has the capability to derive the Malaysian Waste Cooking Oil to biodiesel. The lab scale processor operates using a single step transesterification process.

The Uniten Centre for Renewable Energy also has an important role in the UNITEN Green Campus initiative. CRE has produced biodiesel from the process developed by the biodiesel research group for Diesel-B5 (Diesel with 5% Biodiesel) utilisation in the UNITEN transportation fleet. The Biodiesel produced are from waste cooking oil collected from all restaurants and food-courts within the UNITEN campus and from UNITEN staff.

8.3 DreamEdge Prototyping Centre (Electric Car)

DreamEDGE focuses on digital engineering services with a broad number of new engineering technologies ranging from Data Exchange Service to CAD Data Designing and Modeling Service, CAE Analysis and Simulation, Special Training Program and Consultancy, CAD Data Conversion Service, PLM Solution, and Outsourcing Services, Advanced Robotics & Engineering Solutions (ARIES) and designing and building electric vehicles.

8.4 Kumpulan Melaka Solar Farm, Melaka State (5MW)

Kumpulan Melaka Berhad (KMB) Solar Farm is wholly owned by State Government of Malacca. The project costed RM46 million and in two (2) projects; 10kW roof-top and 5MW Solar Farm.

8.5 Amcorp Perting Mini Hydro Power Plant, Bentong, Pahung State (6.2MW)

Amcorp Perting Mini Hydro Power Plant is located in the Bukit Tinggi forest reserve at the Chamang Waterfall at Sungai Perting, Bentong in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. The 6.2MW power plant utilizes the river flow of Sungai Perting (Perting River) to generate clean electrical energy which is sold to the national utility company, Tenaga National Berhad. It won the ASEAN Energy Awards in2012.

8.6 Bukit Tagar Santari Landfill (4.4MW), Hulu Selangor

Bukit Tagar Santari Landfill (BTSL) was constructed under the supervision of the Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government. It has a 4.4MW gas generators fueled by methane produced by solid waste treated in the landfill and a state-of-the-art leachate treatment plant as well as environmental monitoring. The 125 kilowatt solar project is presently experimenting with different solar panel technologies to determine the most effective technology to adopt in future expansion.

 

BTSL has won the following awards;

o   ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations Award - AFEO Award 2008

o   ASEAN Energy Award 2012 (Renewable Energy On-Grid Category) From the ASEAN Centre for Energy

o   DFS Singapore Environmental Achievement Award (REGIONAL)

o   CDL Outstanding Singapore Environmental Achievement Award

o   Institution of Engineers Malaysia - IEM Outstanding Engineering Achievement Award 2008

9.0 CONCLUSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Papua New Guineans can no longer assume that social challenges such as pollution, dwindling natural resources and climate change can be set aside for future generations. Through policy, research, education, incentives and forward-looking relationships with industry, the government can play a central role in building a green future for our country, community by community, village by village, district by district and province by province.

The options available with green technology provides a combination solution and it is my hope that this report has explored the renewable energy alternatives that are available from the Malaysian and Indonesian experiences.

I would like to acknowledge the following institutions for making this training possible; 

o   Government and the people of Malaysia through the MCTP

o   TNB, Uniten and ILSAS Technical Training Institute

o   Wisma Putra (Department of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia)

o   Malaysian Green Technology Corporation

o   Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA)

o   Papua New Guinea Science and Technology Secretariat

o   Department of Foreign Affairs, Papua New Guinea

 

 Jordan Dean in Malaysia

 10. REFERENCES

Hamid, H. and Mohd Baki, A. (2005) Sewage Treatment Trends in Malaysia. The Ingeniur, 3 (March-May 2005),

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Handbook on the Malaysian Feed-In Tariff For The Promotion Of Renewable Energy, 2nd Publication, March 2011 p.46-53.

Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA) (2012) SEDA PORTAL.[online] Available at:http://www.seda.gov.my/ [Accessed:1 July 2015].

Power Point Presentations by the MTCP facilitators;

Centre for Renewable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten), Harnessing Renewable Energy from Sewage Treatment Plant - Uniten’s Experience, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Saifuddin Normanbhay

Centre for Renewable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten), Experience in Biodiesel for Power Generation, Ir. Dr. Kumaran Palanisamy

Green Technology Research Group, Mohd Razwan Bin Rusli, Renewable Energy Micro-Grid in the context of Conventional Power Systems

Green Technology Research Group, Mohd Razwan Bin Rusli, Solar Hybrid Micro-Grid Projects for Rural Electrification

Ir. Hamdan Ali, Energy Efficiency: TNB’s Initiatives towards Greener Malaysia

Khairadi Azhan Che Rais, Renewable & Green Energy as Alternatives –TNB’s Experience towards Greener Malaysia

Shahrina Abdullah, Biomass: TNB Experience in Biomass Projects

Shahrina Abdullah, TNB Experience in Implementation of Biomass Projects in Malaysia